OK, I did some further investigation (trials): If I do this, for an FX: -- twiddle a VST knob -- click [Param], select Learn, press a button on my MIDI controller, untick "Arm envelope for selected parameter" and click [OK] Then the MIDI Controller button controls the VST parameter. There is no envelope visible in the TCP and nothing is selected [x] in the Envelopes window. So far so good. If I then check the parameter in the Envelopes window, Visible is also checked and the lane is displayed for the parameter, but is not Armed and the MIDI Controller button does not control the VST parameter. If I close the Envelopes window and re-open it, Armed is also checked. But the lane is still not Armed and the MIDI Controller button does not control the VST parameter. If I change the Automation mode to "Write" the lane is Armed and the MIDI Controller button controls the VST parameter. If I hide the Envelope the MIDI Controller button does not control the VST parameter. If I show the Envelope again then "Clear Envelope" and "remove it comepletely" the MIDI Controller button controls the VST parameter. ------ I cannot form a rational consistent mental model of the various automation / MIDI learn / Envelope controls. So I find it difficult to use them. They really need a serious overhaul. If I can, I'll come back later with some ideas.